Abstract
Purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine key strategies in the areas of instructional leadership, communication, and empowerment used by principals of 5 Tulare and Kern Counties middle schools that raised their Academic Performance Index (API) score by at least 50 points between 2010 and 2013. Methodology. This descriptive case study described key strategies of middle school principals in the areas of instructional leadership, communication, and empowerment. Participants included 5 middle school principals and their teaching staffs. Findings. The most important attributes of principals who increased their API at least 50 points included the principal (a) makes decisions in the best interest of students; (b) is committed to students, parents, and employees of the school; (c) is enthusiastic and positive about learning opportunities; (d) acts with integrity, fairness, and in an ethical manner; (e) encourages new initiatives to improve student learning; (f) has a clear direction and plan for improving student achievement; (g) is effective in motivating teachers toward effective teaching; (h) is involved in daily events/activities in the school; (i) sets high standards and has high expectations for student learning; (j) is effective in discussing personal teaching/job performance; (k) is approachable and available; (l) does a good job of recognizing teaching/job achievements; (m) is effective in verbally communicating expectations; (n) practices effective listening skills when working with teachers; (o) provides frequent and easily understood written communication; (p) interacts in a respectful and professional manner; (q) establishes a focus on continuous improvement at the school; (r) fosters a culture of cooperation, collaboration, and teamwork; (s) ensures teachers use assessments to plan and adjust instruction; and (t) ensures teachers have a major role in standards-based curriculum development. Conclusions. The 4 principal behaviors that had the greatest impact on the increase in API included (a) focusing on student achievement and student achievement data, (b) providing opportunities for staff collaboration, (c) having high expectations for self and teachers, and (d) communicating expectations clearly. Recommendations. Other researchers should study principal behaviors and attributes in the areas of instructional leadership, communication, and empowerment under new accountability measures for student achievement with the implementation of Common Core State Standards.