Abstract
Purpose. This research applied the theory of organizational life cycle to public organizations as opposed to private; specifically the study examines the relationship between culture and life cycle in municipal organizations in Southern California. The practical significance of this study is to help city managers gain better insight into a continuous process of adaptation and unique set of characteristics in each developmental stage of the organizational life cycle of cities. Methodology. The research was designed to analyze the population, and revenue, patterns of municipal organizations in Southern California and their relationship to the age of the city to determine whether a life cycle of growth was related to age. Forty-five cities were selected and divided into three groups based upon their age, one to ten, eleven to twenty and over twenty. The statistical procedure of ANOVA was utilized to test the difference in the rate of growth of revenue and population of municipal organizations in these three stages. Twelve cities were randomly selected from two groups of cities based on their age and growth rates of revenue and population. The first group was under twenty years of age and had growth rates in excess of fifteen percent. The second group was over twenty years in age and had growth rates less than fifteen percent. Sixty-three administrative, technical and professional staffs from the community development departments of these cities were surveyed using the Kilmann-Saxton Culture Gap Survey. The t Test for independent samples was used to test the difference in culture gaps scores (desired norms versus actual norms) between these two staff groups. In addition, the mean scores of cultural gap scores of these twelve cities were analyzed to determine if they were wide enough to warrant concern by the management of the cities and departments involved in the study. Findings. The study found that there was no significant difference between the growth rates in population and revenue of cities and their age. The study also found that the culture-gap scores of staff members in younger growing cities and older non-growing cities were significantly different on only one of four dimensions, Social Relationships. There was no statistically significant difference in the culture gap scores on the three remaining dimensions: Task Support, Task Innovation, and Personal Freedom. Conclusion recommendations. This study did not tend to support the existence of a life cycle that evolves in a consistent and predictable manner. The age of the city did not seem to be related to rate of growth in either population or revenue. Further, the study found minimal evidence that the culture gap between actual and desired norms among staff in growing cities differed significantly from that in older, non-growing cities. In addition, the study concluded that none of the culture gap scores from either group were sufficiently large to warrant concern on the part of the cities' leadership. It is recommended that future studies look at additional variables in operationally defining the potential life cycles of municipal governments such as expenditures, staff growth, and a broader sample of employees and cities.