Abstract
Purpose. To determine the life circumstances and factors that California women mayors perceive enabled them to seek election, win campaigns, and persevere in office. The study examined personal histories, relationships, and life events identified as significant. Methodology. A descriptive survey and a qualitative multi-case study were combined for this study. The survey furnished the descriptive data while personal interviews provided the perceptions of six elected California women mayors. Findings. The circumstances or factors revealed by this study are categorized as follows: (1) strong familial support; (2) development of a strong character, self-confidence and self-esteem and resilient qualities to persevere through difficulties; (3) motivation and the belief they could make a difference; and (4) gender was not perceived as a barrier. Conclusions. The data led to the conclusion that receiving love and support from either or both parents early and throughout life created a foundation for their strong individual identities. The participants rarely received messages neither discouraging them nor limiting their potential because of gender. The participants who did receive gender messages did not internalize or allow these messages to inhibit them. They did not ascribe to the cultural norms of behavior or role expectations; nor did they succumb to role conflict because of sex-role socialization. The participants did not exhibit behaviors and attitudes that would have prohibited their seeking public office. These women took initiative, led others, spoke out and were highly motivated to "make a difference." Recommendations. Recommendations for other women aspiring to political careers were to learn by speaking with women politicians, to work in the office of a mayor or council member, to participate in campaigns, to be active in political organizations, and to attend political training workshops that include effective public speaking. Women can improve their political prospects through participating in organizations and campaigns, building a network of supporters, and learning the dynamics of campaign funding. Potential candidates should solicit and gain the support of their families and work hard to balance time and responsibilities with them. Women politicians need the tenacity to control emotions under harsh criticism, to be resilient, take risks, exercise courage, and have a strong constitution. They must be willing to sacrifice privacy, possibly also personal safety, and to serve the community for modest financial remuneration.