Abstract
Purpose: The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the United States was 15% between 2023 and 2025. It is unknown which combination of risk factors best predict the odds of chronic kidney disease in a single contemporary sample of U.S. adults. Our purpose was to determine which combination of demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, and biological risk factors best predict the odds of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in U.S. adults.
Methods: We used a descriptive comparison and interrelationship study design. The National Health and Examination Survey is a probability sample of the U.S. population. Participants included 2,646 male and female adults aged 20 and older. Measurements included age, gender, race, education, marital status, annual income, health insurance, physical activity, sedentary behavior, diet, trouble sleeping, alcohol use, recent tobacco use, obesity, and abdominal obesity.
Results: Older age (P<0.001), sedentary behavior (P<0.001), abdominal obesity (P<0.001), trouble sleeping (P<0.001), and moderate to low income (P<0.001) were independently associated with higher odds of CKD.
Conclusion: We conclude that older age, sedentary behavior, abdominal obesity, trouble sleeping, and moderate to low income are positive risk factors for CKD in U.S. adults. These findings highlight the importance of promoting physical activity, improving sleep quality, managing obesity, and addressing socioeconomic disparities through targeted public health interventions to reduce the national burden of chronic kidney disease in U.S. adults.
Key words: Chronic Kidney Disease; Older Age; Sedentary Behavior; Abdominal Obesity; Trouble Sleeping; Low Income